February 2, 2021 | Main Spotlight: Understanding Philanthropic Resources in Community Economic Development | By: Dionne Baux, Director of Urban Programs, NMSC |
Outdoor dining during COVID-19 in San Francisco, Calif. Photo credit: Bjorn Bakstad
This article was published in the Fall 2020 edition of the Economic Development Journal, a publication available to members of the International Economic Development Council, and is being reprinted with its permission. To have access to IEDC's Journal articles and its many services, you can become a member by visiting https://www.iedconline.org.
Local community economic development organizations rely on both public and private sources of funding to support their work. Yet, it has been increasingly difficult to secure the amount needed from public sources. Reductions in grant funding at the federal, state, and local levels of government, including programs like the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), the Home Investment Partnerships Program, and the Neighborhood Stabilization Program make it even more difficult for locally-based organizations to heavily rely on government support. Data from the Community Development Block Grant Coalition lists several examples to demonstrate the incremental cuts since the program’s inception. For example, the CDBG allocation in Miami-Dade County, Florida, in 2019 was only half of what it was in 1975, and Huntsville, Alabama’s CDBG allocation dropped nearly 75 percent from 1975 to 2019, from $4 million to $1.3 million.
The past two federal budget cycles for the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Capacity Building for Community Development “Section 4” program has been up for deeply proposed cuts as well. Section 4 grants are awarded to intermediaries that re-grant to community development corporations (CDCs) to use funds for specific investments, including affordable housing and economic development.
Given that tax bases are also not enough to support revitalization efforts in most distressed urban or rural communities, community economic development leaders need to get creative with their fundraising plans, identifying and securing diverse funding sources from both inside and outside their community. These additional funding sources will be crucial to moving local economic development planning efforts forward, including small business technical assistance, recruitment, incentive programs, and staff support to lead on-the-ground efforts. While there is no one-size-fits-all fundraising approach that will work for every economic development group, one thing is for certain: Local groups that develop relationships with local, state, and national foundations to support revitalization efforts on the ground are better positioned for success.
This article provides an overview of foundations and philanthropy trends, offers insight into the programs and initiatives that foundations are launching to ensure that more people have access to grant funding, and explores the ways in which Main Street America (MSA) and UrbanMain (UM) are helping to connect communities and foundations to ensure more communities can benefit from this crucial funding source.
Jump to: Types of Philanthropic Foundations | Philanthropy Giving Trends | Increasing Access to Foundation Funding | COVID-19 Giving | Bridging the Gap | Next Steps
Types of Philanthropic Foundations
The Council on Foundations defines a foundation as an entity that supports charitable activities by making grants to unrelated organizations, institutions, or to individuals for scientific, educational, cultural, religious or other charitable activities or programs. Traditionally most foundations are engaged in grantmaking activities, and in some cases, they may engage in their own direct charitable activities or programs. Organizations that only operate charitable activities are classified under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code and must adhere to the following legal characteristics:
- Contributions to 501(c)(3) organizations are generally tax deductible.
- Grants and activities may not assist election campaigns that support or oppose candidates for public office.
- Grants, compensation, and other payments must be made within specific guidelines, and for a charitable purpose, not for personal or private benefit. The Council provides a thorough overview on foundation basics and shares the different types of charitable organizations that help form and strengthen communities.
Following are some of the most common types of foundations:
- Private Foundations are the primary source of philanthropic giving in both urban and rural communities. Private foundations generally provide grants to other nonprofit organizations or individuals. The philanthropic role of private foundations ranges greatly – some focus solely as donors or grant makers with minimal engagement with grantees while others provide extensive support, including technical assistance and capacity building.
- Corporate Foundations are organizations that are created and financially supported by a corporation. The foundation is created as a separate legal entity from the corporation but closely aligned to the corporation. Companies establish corporate foundations and giving programs to have a positive impact on society. Corporate foundations tend to make grants in fields related to their corporate activities or in communities where the corporation operates, or where their employees reside. Some corporations don’t establish a separate foundation but make gifts and grants directly to charitable organizations through a program within the company itself. These are typically called corporate giving programs.
- Independent Foundations operate at the national, regional, and local levels, and are distinct from the other two previously mentioned foundations. Unlike family and corporate foundations, they are governed by the organization, family or corporation. They are generally funded by endowments from a single source such as an individual or group of individuals.
- International Foundations typically are foundations based outside the United States that make grants in their own countries and overseas. The term “international foundations” sometimes can refer to foundations in any country that primarily engage in cross-border giving.
- Family Foundations are usually funded by an endowment from a family. With these types of foundations, the family members of the donor(s) have a substantial governance role.
As the Council on Foundations notes, most of the terms listed above are not legal classifications but are descriptive terms used within the field of philanthropy to help grantees, partners, and others to understand how the foundation operates. A commonality of each of these foundations is that they were established to assist community and economic development, educational, religious, or other charitable needs. Most foundations have a governance structure including a board of directors that makes discretionary giving decisions, often within the foundation’s priority areas or field of interest and/or geographic area.
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Philanthropy Giving Trends
The National Center for Charitable Statistics is a data portal designed for nonprofit practitioners, researchers, and policy makers. Its 2019 Nonprofit Sector in Brief discusses trends in the finances of 501(c)(3) public charities and key data insights on important resources for the nonprofit sector, such as private charitable contributions and grantmaking by foundations.
According to the brief, The Foundation Center estimates there were more than 86,125 grantmaking foundations in the United States in 2017. Their grants totaled $77.7 billion in 2017, up 10.4 percent from 2016 after adjusting for inflation. This amounts to approximately 18 percent of private charitable contributions that year. While foundation grants dipped slightly in 2018, they have been on an upward trajectory for years – the amount of grants distributed grew 70 percent from 2005 to 2017 after adjusting for inflation.
The following shows how foundation giving compares to other types of giving as well as where funds are going. It is important for economic development practitioners to understand the trends of foundation giving and the types of projects being supported.
Giving by Source1:
- Giving by individuals totaled an estimated $292.09 billion, falling 1.1 percent in 2018 (a decline of 3.4 percent, adjusted for inflation).
- Giving by foundations increased 7.3 percent, to an estimated $75.86 billion in 2018 (an increase of 4.7 percent, adjusted for inflation).
- Giving by bequest totaled an estimated $39.71 billion in 2018, staying flat compared to 2017 with a 0.0 percent increase from 2017.
- Giving by corporations is estimated to have increased by 5.4 percent in 2018, totaling $20.0 billion (an increase of 2.9 percent, adjusted for inflation). Corporate giving includes cash and in-kind contributions made through corporate giving programs, as well as grants and gifts made by corporate foundations.
Giving by Use1:
- Giving to religion declined 1.5 percent between 2017 and 2018, with an estimated $124.52 billion in contributions.
- Giving to education is estimated to have declined 1.3 percent between 2017 and 2018, to $58.72 billion.
- Giving to human services declined by an estimated 0.3 percent in 2018, totaling $51.54 billion.
- Giving to foundations is estimated to have declined by 6.9 percent in 2018, to $50.29 billion.
- Giving to health is estimated to have had flat growth of 0.1 percent between 2017 and 2018 to $40.78 billion.
- Giving to public society benefit organizations decreased an estimated 3.7 percent between 2017 and 2018, to $31.21 billion.
- Giving to arts, culture, and humanities is estimated to have stayed relatively flat, with growth of 0.3 percent between 2017 and 2018, to $19.49 billion.
- Giving to international affairs is estimated to be $22.88 billion in 2018, an increase of 9.6 percent
- from 2017.
- Giving to environmental and animal organizations is estimated to have increased 3.6 percent between 2017 and 2018, to $12.70 billion.
- Giving to individuals is estimated to have declined 2.6 percent (4.9 percent in inflation-adjusted dollars) between 2017 and 2018, to $9.06 billion.
Increasing Access to Foundation Funding
Many communities are not at the table with foundations for a variety of reasons including lack of capacity to fundraise, weak relationships, and sometimes simply being in a place that is disconnected and lacks easy access to their location for national and local foundations. Several national foundations such at Kresge, Ford, and MacArthur Foundations have created national initiatives to expand their reach in more rural and urban communities that have lacked access to financial opportunity and have begun reaching out directly to intermediaries, communities, and city governments to develop funding relationships.
Examples include:
- Kresge Foundation, American Cities Initiative. This initiative is committed to assisting America’s urban centers to become accelerators of opportunity for low income individuals focusing on expanding access to jobs, education, housing, human-serving systems, city services, and quality public spaces.
- Ford Foundation, Challenge Inequality. This initiative looks at the underlying drivers of inequality – common factors that contribute to worldwide inequalities. There are seven program areas: Cities and States, Civic Engagement and Government, Creativity and Free Expression, Future of Work(ers), Gender, Racial and Ethnic Justice, and Natural Resources and Climate Change and Technology and Society, which are intertwined together. The program areas serve as entry points to Ford’s eleven field offices.
- MacArthur Foundation, Safety and Justice Challenge. This program invests in local reform, research, experimentation, and communications to create national demand for local justice reforms that will safely reduce jail populations and address racial and ethnic disparities.
By no means is this an exhaustive list of national funders and initiatives. Foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and a host of others each offer national and international initiatives to aid and uplift those that have been left behind.
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COVID-19 Giving
The onset of the novel Corona 19 virus has created a global health and economic crisis that has negatively impacted gains for community-based organizations leading economic development and their businesses. The need for economic development practitioners to foster relationships with foundations is ever-more pressing today amidst the pandemic. According to Candid’s article, “Record-Breaking COVID-19 Philanthropy Topped Giving for Other Disasters but Overlooked Those Most Affected by the Pandemic,” the data shows that foundations, public charities, corporations, and individual donors immediately responded to the needs and services arising from the pandemic; however, only 5 percent of $11.9 billion in total funding was explicitly directed to communities and persons of color, which have been hardest hit by COVID-19.2
The Council on Foundations in response to the havoc COVID-19 is creating for their nonprofit partners has invited their funders and other leaders in the philanthropic sector to join a call for action by signing a pledge of action (pictured right) to the following3:
- Loosen or eliminate the restrictions on current grants.
- Make new grants as unrestricted as possible, so their nonprofit partners have maximum flexibility to respond to the crisis.
- Reduce the requests of their nonprofit partners, postponing reporting requirements, site visits, and other demands on their time.
- Contribution to community-based emergency response funds and other efforts to address the health and economic impact on those most affected by this pandemic.
- Regular communication to partners about foundations decision-making and responses to provide their nonprofit partners with helpful information while not asking more of their partners.
- Commitment to listening to their nonprofit partners and uplifting community voices that generally are not heard to inform public discourse and foundations decision-making so they can act on their grantee partners’ feedback.
- Supporting their grantee partners through advocating for important public policy changes to fight the pandemic and deliver an equitable and just emergency response for all.
Bridging the Gap
While foundations are doing great work at extending their reach, there is still work to be done to connect communities with foundation resources to support economic development. Recognizing the need to help bridge the gap, Main Street America has been working to develop relationships with both national and local foundations that have supported community economic development over the past several years. With their help, we then connect and partner with community groups to provide capacity building and technical support required to effectively lead commercial district revitalization work. 
For example, a few years ago we developed a relationship with the James L. Knight Foundation, a national funder dedicated to fostering “informed and engaged communities” with a special focus in 26 communities. With their support, we conducted a multi-city approach to refine, test, and introduce seven new communities to Main Street America’s signature economic development framework. The seven pilot sites included: Detroit, Michigan; Biloxi, Mississippi; Gary, Indiana; Lexington, Kentucky; Miami, Florida; Milledgeville, Georgia; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Knight Foundation’s support enabled communities to deepen its engagement with their local resident and business community in every step of the process. MSA and its partners used market information including demographic data, trends, sales leakage and surplus, business investors and cluster analysis as one tool to help illuminate the best revitalization path forward. We also distributed a public and leadership survey in each city to identify challenges, opportunities, attitudes and impressions of the commercial district. Along with tours and interviews, this process was integral to developing a focused, deliberate path to revitalizing the commercial district – what MSA refers to as a Transformation Strategy.
MSA has also partnered with foundations to garner local support for community groups through state and regional collaborations. In 2019, Main Street America partnered with PNC Foundation, Marion Ewing Kauffman Foundation, and The Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Center for Transformative Placemaking to develop and sustain new entrepreneurial growth in three Appalachian Ohio communities.
The program components include:
- Funding for local organization support and capacity;
- Targeted technical assistance focused on cultivating place-based entrepreneurial culture and building entrepreneurial support networks;
- Cohort trainings led by experts in topics specific to building the local support network including but not limited to training such incremental development, proforma development, and real estate finance;
- Trainings for entrepreneurs lead by Co.Starters; and
- Research exploring economic, physical, social, and civic conditions over time and determining how these are affected by entrepreneurial support interventions.
Finally, local foundations generally serve as a good starting place for local community economic development entities. In Chicago, Main Street America engaged with the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation to support local revitalization work. The foundation focuses on four program areas: built environment, arts and culture, investigative journalism for government accountability, and economic opportunity for the working poor. Driehaus’ support enabled UrbanMain to work with two Chicago neighborhood commercial corridors groups and explore implementing Main Street’s signature economic development approach to corridor revitalization.
The 51st Street Business Association and South Shore Chamber of Commerce each received the following set of services:
- Staff capacity analysis including operational recommendations,
- Business Mix,
- Trade Area Analysis,
- Neighborhood Attitude Survey,
- Capacity Building, and
- Corridor Strategy Development.
Next Steps
Philanthropic support is a major ingredient to support long-term sustainable investment in economic development and is often the dollars needed to take a project over the finish line. It is crucial for local economic development organizations and staff to broaden relationships with local, state, and national foundations. Fundraising plans are a great strategy but “good-old fashioned” relationship building is at the crux of this work.
According to the Starfish Impact article “The Non-Profit Guide to Building Relationships with Foundations,” key steps that a local group should always consider when beginning to embark on building relationships with foundations include:
Sources
1. https://givingusa.org/giving-usa-2019-americans-gave-427-71-billion-to-charity-in-2018-amidcomplex-year-for-charitable-giving/
2. https://candid.org/about/press-room/releases/%20record-breaking-covid-19-philanthropy-topped-givingfor-other-disasters-but-overlooked-those-most-affectedby-pandemic
3. https://www.cof.org/news/call-action-philanthropys-commitment-during-covid-19
Meet the Author
Dionne Baux, Director of Urban Programs: As Director of Urban Programs, Dionne leads the initiative to broaden the Center’s offerings and engagement in urban neighborhood commercial districts. Dionne has over a decade of experience in project coordination in the fields of urban economic development and commercial district revitalization. She has extensive expertise engaging community stakeholders, identifying and implementing projects in conjunction with community based organizations, government institutions, and real estate development, as well as supporting capacity building opportunities.
Read Dionne's full bio.
#Equitable and Inclusive Community Development